Reactions That Release or Absorb Heat

CONCEPTUAL

Science›Matter & Materials|Ages 12—13|ID: mt_UoqUPI_uNz

Distinguish between exothermic reactions (release energy, temperature rises) and endothermic reactions (absorb energy, temperature falls), with everyday and industrial examples

Mastery Evidence

Defines exothermic and endothermic in terms of energy transfer to and from the surroundings
Gives two examples of each type from everyday life (e.g. combustion, hand warmers; photosynthesis, cold packs)
Explains energy changes during changes of state (melting is endothermic, freezing is exothermic)
Interprets a temperature change in an experiment to classify the reaction type

Assessment Prompt

“If [child] shook a sports cold pack to activate it and it got cold, or lit a match and it got hot, could they explain what type of reaction is happening in each case and why one gets hot while the other gets cold?”

Curriculum Standards3 alignments

MS-PS1-4Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Middle Schoolcodes only

Standard code — full text not included in this dataset.

KS3.Sci.Chem.ENG.1The national curriculum in England

Energy Changes of State

energy changes on changes of state (qualitative)

Science · KS3

KS3.Sci.Chem.ENG.2The national curriculum in England

Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions (qualitative)

Science · KS3

Prerequisites3

Energy can't be created or destroyed
softAges 11—12
How Materials Change State
softAges 11—12
Types of Chemical Reaction
softAges 12—13

Show full prerequisite tree

Energy can't be created or destroyed soft
Conservation of energy in physical systems connects to exothermic/endothermic reactions — energy is conserved in chemical systems too
- Naming types of energy hard
  Explaining conservation of energy and dissipation requires energy store and transfer vocabulary
- Energy stores and transfers hard
  Conservation of energy is a property of energy stores and transfers — the stores and pathways model must be established first
  - Speed and energy hard
    KS3 kinetic energy store extends KS2 US understanding that faster-moving objects have more energy
    - Naming types of energy hard
      Relating an object's speed to its energy requires 'kinetic energy' vocabulary
    - Pushes & Pulls hard
      Must understand forces change motion before relating speed to energy
      - Drawing Force Diagrams soft
        Understanding pushes and pulls as forces is supported by the arrow representation of magnitude and direction
  - Naming types of energy hard
    Identifying energy stores and transfer pathways is a formalisation of the energy type vocabulary introduced earlier
  - Greenhouse Gas Science soft
    KS3 energy stores and radiation transfer provides the physics vocabulary for explaining how greenhouse gases re-emit infrared
    - Global Wind Patterns hard
      Greenhouse radiation physics provides the energy imbalance context that drives differential heating and global circulation
      - Climate Zones hard
        Global atmospheric circulation depends on climate zones
        
        Weather vs Climate hard
        Climate zones require distinguishing weather from climate
        
        Seasons & Weather Patterns soft
        Climate as long-term patterns benefits from knowing seasonal patterns
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasons/weather patterns parallels curriculum four seasons topic
        
        Days, Weeks, Months & Years soft
        Observing and describing seasonal changes requires basic date and time vocabulary (months, seasons, year)
        
        Ordering Events in Time hard
        Understanding days/months/years builds on sequencing events chronologically
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Seasons benefit from weather vocabulary
        
        Geography & Local Weather hard
        Climate concept requires knowing that different places have different typical weather
        
        Seasons & Weather Patterns hard
        Understanding global weather differences requires knowing seasons
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasons/weather patterns parallels curriculum four seasons topic
        
        Days, Weeks, Months & Years soft
        Observing and describing seasonal changes requires basic date and time vocabulary (months, seasons, year)
        
        Ordering Events in Time hard
        Understanding days/months/years builds on sequencing events chronologically
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Seasons benefit from weather vocabulary
        
        Types of Weather hard
        Comparing world weather requires weather vocabulary
        
        Types of Weather hard
        Distinguishing weather from climate requires understanding weather first
        
        Geography & Local Weather hard
        Climate zones formalize the concept of different weather around the world
        
        Seasons & Weather Patterns hard
        Understanding global weather differences requires knowing seasons
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasons/weather patterns parallels curriculum four seasons topic
        
        Days, Weeks, Months & Years soft
        Observing and describing seasonal changes requires basic date and time vocabulary (months, seasons, year)
        
        Ordering Events in Time hard
        Understanding days/months/years builds on sequencing events chronologically
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Seasons benefit from weather vocabulary
        
        Types of Weather hard
        Comparing world weather requires weather vocabulary
        
        Sun-Driven Weather Systems soft
        Climate zones benefit from understanding Sun drives weather systems
        
        Weather vs Climate soft
        Sun-driven weather benefits from weather vs climate distinction
        
        Seasons & Weather Patterns soft
        Climate as long-term patterns benefits from knowing seasonal patterns
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasons/weather patterns parallels curriculum four seasons topic
        
        Days, Weeks, Months & Years soft
        Observing and describing seasonal changes requires basic date and time vocabulary (months, seasons, year)
        
        Ordering Events in Time hard
        Understanding days/months/years builds on sequencing events chronologically
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Seasons benefit from weather vocabulary
        
        Geography & Local Weather hard
        Climate concept requires knowing that different places have different typical weather
        
        Seasons & Weather Patterns hard
        Understanding global weather differences requires knowing seasons
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasons/weather patterns parallels curriculum four seasons topic
        
        Days, Weeks, Months & Years soft
        Observing and describing seasonal changes requires basic date and time vocabulary (months, seasons, year)
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Seasons benefit from weather vocabulary
        
        Types of Weather hard
        Comparing world weather requires weather vocabulary
        
        Types of Weather hard
        Distinguishing weather from climate requires understanding weather first
        
        The Water Cycle hard
        Sun as weather engine requires understanding the water cycle it drives
        
        Cloud Types hard
        Water cycle requires understanding cloud formation (condensation)
        
        Rain & Puddles hard
        Cloud types build on knowing rain comes from clouds
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Rain concept benefits from knowing rain as a weather type
        
        Where water is found on Earth soft
        Water cycle benefits from knowing where water is found on Earth
        
        Shapes of land and water hard
        Must know land and water features before learning where water is found on Earth
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasonal observation supports understanding land and water features
        
        Days, Weeks, Months & Years soft
        Observing and describing seasonal changes requires basic date and time vocabulary (months, seasons, year)
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes soft
        Understanding state changes supports knowing water as solid (ice) and liquid
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes soft
        Water cycle benefits from curriculum states of matter (heating/cooling changes state)
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Temperature & Thermometers soft
        Water cycle evaporation relates to temperature (heat drives evaporation)
        
        Rain & Puddles hard
        Full water cycle builds on basic rain/puddle/evaporation concept
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Rain concept benefits from knowing rain as a weather type
        
        Sunlight warms things up soft
        Sun drives weather builds on curriculum sunlight warms Earth's surface
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasonal observation supports understanding sunlight warming effects
        
        Days, Weeks, Months & Years soft
        Observing and describing seasonal changes requires basic date and time vocabulary (months, seasons, year)
        
        Ordering Events in Time hard
        Understanding days/months/years builds on sequencing events chronologically
        
        What Causes Wind hard
        Sun-driven weather systems extend the basic wind-cause concept to global scale
        
        What Is Wind? hard
        Understanding wind causes requires knowing what wind is
    - Sun-Driven Weather Systems hard
      Greenhouse radiation physics depends on sun as driver of weather
      - Weather vs Climate soft
        Sun-driven weather benefits from weather vs climate distinction
        
        Seasons & Weather Patterns soft
        Climate as long-term patterns benefits from knowing seasonal patterns
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasons/weather patterns parallels curriculum four seasons topic
        
        Days, Weeks, Months & Years soft
        Observing and describing seasonal changes requires basic date and time vocabulary (months, seasons, year)
        
        Ordering Events in Time hard
        Understanding days/months/years builds on sequencing events chronologically
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Seasons benefit from weather vocabulary
        
        Geography & Local Weather hard
        Climate concept requires knowing that different places have different typical weather
        
        Seasons & Weather Patterns hard
        Understanding global weather differences requires knowing seasons
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasons/weather patterns parallels curriculum four seasons topic
        
        Days, Weeks, Months & Years soft
        Observing and describing seasonal changes requires basic date and time vocabulary (months, seasons, year)
        
        Ordering Events in Time hard
        Understanding days/months/years builds on sequencing events chronologically
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Seasons benefit from weather vocabulary
        
        Types of Weather hard
        Comparing world weather requires weather vocabulary
        
        Types of Weather hard
        Distinguishing weather from climate requires understanding weather first
      - The Water Cycle hard
        Sun as weather engine requires understanding the water cycle it drives
        
        Cloud Types hard
        Water cycle requires understanding cloud formation (condensation)
        
        Rain & Puddles hard
        Cloud types build on knowing rain comes from clouds
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Rain concept benefits from knowing rain as a weather type
        
        Where water is found on Earth soft
        Water cycle benefits from knowing where water is found on Earth
        
        Shapes of land and water hard
        Must know land and water features before learning where water is found on Earth
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasonal observation supports understanding land and water features
        
        Days, Weeks, Months & Years soft
        Observing and describing seasonal changes requires basic date and time vocabulary (months, seasons, year)
        
        Ordering Events in Time hard
        Understanding days/months/years builds on sequencing events chronologically
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes soft
        Understanding state changes supports knowing water as solid (ice) and liquid
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes soft
        Water cycle benefits from curriculum states of matter (heating/cooling changes state)
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Temperature & Thermometers soft
        Water cycle evaporation relates to temperature (heat drives evaporation)
        
        Rain & Puddles hard
        Full water cycle builds on basic rain/puddle/evaporation concept
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Rain concept benefits from knowing rain as a weather type
      - Sunlight warms things up soft
        Sun drives weather builds on curriculum sunlight warms Earth's surface
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasonal observation supports understanding sunlight warming effects
        
        Days, Weeks, Months & Years soft
        Observing and describing seasonal changes requires basic date and time vocabulary (months, seasons, year)
        
        Ordering Events in Time hard
        Understanding days/months/years builds on sequencing events chronologically
      - What Causes Wind hard
        Sun-driven weather systems extend the basic wind-cause concept to global scale
        
        What Is Wind? hard
        Understanding wind causes requires knowing what wind is
  - How energy travels around hard
    KS3 energy stores model extends KS2 US observation that energy is transferred by sound, light, heat and electric currents
    - Light & Seeing in the Dark soft
      Light knowledge supports understanding energy transfer by light
      - Light & Sound Vocabulary hard
        Observing that objects need illumination to be seen requires the 'light source' vocabulary
    - Naming types of energy hard
      Describing energy transfer by sound, light, heat, and electric current requires energy type vocabulary
    - Building a simple circuit hard
      Must know circuits before understanding energy transfer by electric current
      - What uses electricity at home hard
        Must identify electrical appliances before building circuits
    - Vibrations & Sound soft
      Sound knowledge supports understanding energy transfer by sound
      - Light & Sound Vocabulary hard
        Understanding vibrating materials and sound requires 'vibration' vocabulary
      - Communication with Light & Sound hard
        Must understand how sound works before designing a communication device using it
        
        Light & Seeing in the Dark hard
        Must understand how light works before designing a communication device using it
        
        Light & Sound Vocabulary hard
        Observing that objects need illumination to be seen requires the 'light source' vocabulary
How Materials Change State soft
Energy changes during changes of state (endothermic melting, exothermic freezing) extend the changes-of-state model
- The Particle Model hard
  Changes of state are explained using the particle model — the particle model must be understood first
  - Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
    Using the particle model to explain density, compressibility, and anomalous expansion requires fluent reading and drawing of particle diagrams
  - Matter Is Made of Particles hard
    KS3 particle model extends US KS2 introduction to matter as particles too small to see
    - Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
      Developing a model of matter as particles too small to see is built on the particle diagram representation
    - Heating & Cooling Changes hard
      Must observe state changes before explaining them with particle model
      - States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
      - Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
    - Solids, Liquids & Gases hard
      Must understand observable states of matter before modelling them with particles
      - States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Comparing and grouping materials as solids, liquids, or gases requires the naming vocabulary for the three states
      - Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Comparing and grouping solids, liquids, and gases by properties is greatly aided by the particle diagram representation
      - Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must classify states of matter before understanding changes between states
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
      - Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before classifying into three states of matter
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
      - Changing Shapes of Solids soft
        Changing shapes of solids provides context for understanding solid properties
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must know material properties before investigating how shapes change
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
  - Solids, Liquids & Gases hard
    KS3 particle model extends KS2 classification of solids, liquids and gases by observable properties
    - States of Matter Vocabulary hard
      Comparing and grouping materials as solids, liquids, or gases requires the naming vocabulary for the three states
    - Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
      Comparing and grouping solids, liquids, and gases by properties is greatly aided by the particle diagram representation
    - Heating & Cooling Changes hard
      Must classify states of matter before understanding changes between states
      - States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
      - Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
    - Grouping Materials hard
      Must group materials by properties before classifying into three states of matter
      - Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
    - Changing Shapes of Solids soft
      Changing shapes of solids provides context for understanding solid properties
      - Describing Material Properties hard
        Must know material properties before investigating how shapes change
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
- Drawing Particle Diagrams soft
  Explaining changes of state using the particle model draws on particle diagram literacy
- Heating & Cooling Changes hard
  KS3 heating/cooling curves and particle-level explanation extends KS2 observation that materials change state at specific temperatures
  - States of Matter Vocabulary hard
    Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
  - Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
    Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
Types of Chemical Reaction soft
Energy changes are a property of chemical reactions — understanding reaction types gives context
- Physical vs Chemical Changes hard
  Types of chemical reaction are specific categories of chemical change — the physical/chemical distinction must come first
  - The Particle Model soft
    The distinction between physical and chemical change is clearest at the particle level
    - Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
      Using the particle model to explain density, compressibility, and anomalous expansion requires fluent reading and drawing of particle diagrams
    - Matter Is Made of Particles hard
      KS3 particle model extends US KS2 introduction to matter as particles too small to see
      - Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Developing a model of matter as particles too small to see is built on the particle diagram representation
      - Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must observe state changes before explaining them with particle model
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
      - Solids, Liquids & Gases hard
        Must understand observable states of matter before modelling them with particles
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Comparing and grouping materials as solids, liquids, or gases requires the naming vocabulary for the three states
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Comparing and grouping solids, liquids, and gases by properties is greatly aided by the particle diagram representation
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must classify states of matter before understanding changes between states
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before classifying into three states of matter
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Changing Shapes of Solids soft
        Changing shapes of solids provides context for understanding solid properties
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must know material properties before investigating how shapes change
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
    - Solids, Liquids & Gases hard
      KS3 particle model extends KS2 classification of solids, liquids and gases by observable properties
      - States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Comparing and grouping materials as solids, liquids, or gases requires the naming vocabulary for the three states
      - Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Comparing and grouping solids, liquids, and gases by properties is greatly aided by the particle diagram representation
      - Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must classify states of matter before understanding changes between states
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
      - Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before classifying into three states of matter
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
      - Changing Shapes of Solids soft
        Changing shapes of solids provides context for understanding solid properties
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must know material properties before investigating how shapes change
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
  - Conservation of Mass hard
    KS3 conservation of mass in reactions extends US KS2 evidence that mass is conserved regardless of change type
    - Irreversible Changes hard
      Must understand irreversible changes before proving mass is conserved in all types of change
      - Reversible Changes hard
        Must understand reversible changes before contrasting with irreversible ones
        
        Changes & Separation Vocabulary soft
        Describing dissolving and changes of state as reversible requires the vocabulary from the process terms node
        
        Dissolving & Solutions hard
        Must understand dissolving before demonstrating it is reversible
        
        Changes & Separation Vocabulary hard
        Understanding dissolving and solutions requires 'dissolve', 'solution', 'soluble', 'insoluble' from the process vocabulary node
        
        Advanced Material Properties hard
        Must understand solubility as a property before learning dissolving and recovery in detail
        
        Testing Materials for Uses soft
        Within GB sequence, testing advanced properties supports justifying material choices; US teaches material uses earlier without this prerequisite
        
        Material Properties Vocabulary soft
        Giving evidence-based reasons for material uses draws on conductor, insulator, and other property vocabulary
        
        Material Properties Vocabulary hard
        Grouping materials by hardness, solubility, transparency, conductivity, and magnetic response requires all these property terms
        
        Choosing the Right Material hard
        Must understand material suitability before testing advanced properties like conductivity and solubility
        
        Material Properties Vocabulary soft
        Comparing suitability of materials for uses requires property vocabulary to articulate why one material is better than another
        
        Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before evaluating suitability for purposes
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Solids, Liquids & Gases soft
        Understanding states of matter supports testing properties like solubility
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Comparing and grouping materials as solids, liquids, or gases requires the naming vocabulary for the three states
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Comparing and grouping solids, liquids, and gases by properties is greatly aided by the particle diagram representation
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must classify states of matter before understanding changes between states
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before classifying into three states of matter
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Changing Shapes of Solids soft
        Changing shapes of solids provides context for understanding solid properties
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must know material properties before investigating how shapes change
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Evaporation & the Water Cycle soft
        Evaporation knowledge supports understanding recovery of dissolved substances
        
        Changes & Separation Vocabulary hard
        Identifying the role of evaporation and condensation requires knowing these process terms precisely
        
        The Water Cycle soft
        Water cycle connects to curriculum evaporation/condensation topic
        
        Cloud Types hard
        Water cycle requires understanding cloud formation (condensation)
        
        Rain & Puddles hard
        Cloud types build on knowing rain comes from clouds
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Rain concept benefits from knowing rain as a weather type
        
        Where water is found on Earth soft
        Water cycle benefits from knowing where water is found on Earth
        
        Shapes of land and water hard
        Must know land and water features before learning where water is found on Earth
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasonal observation supports understanding land and water features
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes soft
        Understanding state changes supports knowing water as solid (ice) and liquid
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes soft
        Water cycle benefits from curriculum states of matter (heating/cooling changes state)
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Temperature & Thermometers soft
        Water cycle evaporation relates to temperature (heat drives evaporation)
        
        Rain & Puddles hard
        Full water cycle builds on basic rain/puddle/evaporation concept
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Rain concept benefits from knowing rain as a weather type
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must understand state changes before learning about evaporation/condensation in water cycle
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must understand state changes before categorising them as reversible
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
    - Reversible Changes hard
      Must understand reversible changes before investigating conservation of mass during changes
      - Changes & Separation Vocabulary soft
        Describing dissolving and changes of state as reversible requires the vocabulary from the process terms node
      - Dissolving & Solutions hard
        Must understand dissolving before demonstrating it is reversible
        
        Changes & Separation Vocabulary hard
        Understanding dissolving and solutions requires 'dissolve', 'solution', 'soluble', 'insoluble' from the process vocabulary node
        
        Advanced Material Properties hard
        Must understand solubility as a property before learning dissolving and recovery in detail
        
        Testing Materials for Uses soft
        Within GB sequence, testing advanced properties supports justifying material choices; US teaches material uses earlier without this prerequisite
        
        Material Properties Vocabulary soft
        Giving evidence-based reasons for material uses draws on conductor, insulator, and other property vocabulary
        
        Material Properties Vocabulary hard
        Grouping materials by hardness, solubility, transparency, conductivity, and magnetic response requires all these property terms
        
        Choosing the Right Material hard
        Must understand material suitability before testing advanced properties like conductivity and solubility
        
        Material Properties Vocabulary soft
        Comparing suitability of materials for uses requires property vocabulary to articulate why one material is better than another
        
        Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before evaluating suitability for purposes
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Solids, Liquids & Gases soft
        Understanding states of matter supports testing properties like solubility
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Comparing and grouping materials as solids, liquids, or gases requires the naming vocabulary for the three states
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Comparing and grouping solids, liquids, and gases by properties is greatly aided by the particle diagram representation
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must classify states of matter before understanding changes between states
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before classifying into three states of matter
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Changing Shapes of Solids soft
        Changing shapes of solids provides context for understanding solid properties
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must know material properties before investigating how shapes change
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Evaporation & the Water Cycle soft
        Evaporation knowledge supports understanding recovery of dissolved substances
        
        Changes & Separation Vocabulary hard
        Identifying the role of evaporation and condensation requires knowing these process terms precisely
        
        The Water Cycle soft
        Water cycle connects to curriculum evaporation/condensation topic
        
        Cloud Types hard
        Water cycle requires understanding cloud formation (condensation)
        
        Rain & Puddles hard
        Cloud types build on knowing rain comes from clouds
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Rain concept benefits from knowing rain as a weather type
        
        Where water is found on Earth soft
        Water cycle benefits from knowing where water is found on Earth
        
        Shapes of land and water hard
        Must know land and water features before learning where water is found on Earth
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasonal observation supports understanding land and water features
        
        Days, Weeks, Months & Years soft
        Observing and describing seasonal changes requires basic date and time vocabulary (months, seasons, year)
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes soft
        Understanding state changes supports knowing water as solid (ice) and liquid
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes soft
        Water cycle benefits from curriculum states of matter (heating/cooling changes state)
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Temperature & Thermometers soft
        Water cycle evaporation relates to temperature (heat drives evaporation)
        
        Rain & Puddles hard
        Full water cycle builds on basic rain/puddle/evaporation concept
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Rain concept benefits from knowing rain as a weather type
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must understand state changes before learning about evaporation/condensation in water cycle
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
      - Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must understand state changes before categorising them as reversible
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
    - Matter Is Made of Particles soft
      Particle model supports understanding why mass is conserved (particles aren't destroyed)
      - Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Developing a model of matter as particles too small to see is built on the particle diagram representation
      - Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must observe state changes before explaining them with particle model
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
      - Solids, Liquids & Gases hard
        Must understand observable states of matter before modelling them with particles
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Comparing and grouping materials as solids, liquids, or gases requires the naming vocabulary for the three states
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Comparing and grouping solids, liquids, and gases by properties is greatly aided by the particle diagram representation
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must classify states of matter before understanding changes between states
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before classifying into three states of matter
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Changing Shapes of Solids soft
        Changing shapes of solids provides context for understanding solid properties
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must know material properties before investigating how shapes change
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
  - Irreversible Changes hard
    KS3 chemical changes deepens KS2 understanding that burning, rusting and acid reactions form new materials
    - Reversible Changes hard
      Must understand reversible changes before contrasting with irreversible ones
      - Changes & Separation Vocabulary soft
        Describing dissolving and changes of state as reversible requires the vocabulary from the process terms node
      - Dissolving & Solutions hard
        Must understand dissolving before demonstrating it is reversible
        
        Changes & Separation Vocabulary hard
        Understanding dissolving and solutions requires 'dissolve', 'solution', 'soluble', 'insoluble' from the process vocabulary node
        
        Advanced Material Properties hard
        Must understand solubility as a property before learning dissolving and recovery in detail
        
        Testing Materials for Uses soft
        Within GB sequence, testing advanced properties supports justifying material choices; US teaches material uses earlier without this prerequisite
        
        Material Properties Vocabulary soft
        Giving evidence-based reasons for material uses draws on conductor, insulator, and other property vocabulary
        
        Material Properties Vocabulary hard
        Grouping materials by hardness, solubility, transparency, conductivity, and magnetic response requires all these property terms
        
        Choosing the Right Material hard
        Must understand material suitability before testing advanced properties like conductivity and solubility
        
        Material Properties Vocabulary soft
        Comparing suitability of materials for uses requires property vocabulary to articulate why one material is better than another
        
        Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before evaluating suitability for purposes
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Solids, Liquids & Gases soft
        Understanding states of matter supports testing properties like solubility
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Comparing and grouping materials as solids, liquids, or gases requires the naming vocabulary for the three states
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Comparing and grouping solids, liquids, and gases by properties is greatly aided by the particle diagram representation
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must classify states of matter before understanding changes between states
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before classifying into three states of matter
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Changing Shapes of Solids soft
        Changing shapes of solids provides context for understanding solid properties
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must know material properties before investigating how shapes change
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Evaporation & the Water Cycle soft
        Evaporation knowledge supports understanding recovery of dissolved substances
        
        Changes & Separation Vocabulary hard
        Identifying the role of evaporation and condensation requires knowing these process terms precisely
        
        The Water Cycle soft
        Water cycle connects to curriculum evaporation/condensation topic
        
        Cloud Types hard
        Water cycle requires understanding cloud formation (condensation)
        
        Rain & Puddles hard
        Cloud types build on knowing rain comes from clouds
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Rain concept benefits from knowing rain as a weather type
        
        Where water is found on Earth soft
        Water cycle benefits from knowing where water is found on Earth
        
        Shapes of land and water hard
        Must know land and water features before learning where water is found on Earth
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasonal observation supports understanding land and water features
        
        Days, Weeks, Months & Years soft
        Observing and describing seasonal changes requires basic date and time vocabulary (months, seasons, year)
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes soft
        Understanding state changes supports knowing water as solid (ice) and liquid
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes soft
        Water cycle benefits from curriculum states of matter (heating/cooling changes state)
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Temperature & Thermometers soft
        Water cycle evaporation relates to temperature (heat drives evaporation)
        
        Rain & Puddles hard
        Full water cycle builds on basic rain/puddle/evaporation concept
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Rain concept benefits from knowing rain as a weather type
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must understand state changes before learning about evaporation/condensation in water cycle
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
      - Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must understand state changes before categorising them as reversible
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
  - Reversible Changes hard
    KS3 physical vs chemical changes extends KS2 reversible vs irreversible changes
    - Changes & Separation Vocabulary soft
      Describing dissolving and changes of state as reversible requires the vocabulary from the process terms node
    - Dissolving & Solutions hard
      Must understand dissolving before demonstrating it is reversible
      - Changes & Separation Vocabulary hard
        Understanding dissolving and solutions requires 'dissolve', 'solution', 'soluble', 'insoluble' from the process vocabulary node
      - Advanced Material Properties hard
        Must understand solubility as a property before learning dissolving and recovery in detail
        
        Testing Materials for Uses soft
        Within GB sequence, testing advanced properties supports justifying material choices; US teaches material uses earlier without this prerequisite
        
        Material Properties Vocabulary soft
        Giving evidence-based reasons for material uses draws on conductor, insulator, and other property vocabulary
        
        Material Properties Vocabulary hard
        Grouping materials by hardness, solubility, transparency, conductivity, and magnetic response requires all these property terms
        
        Choosing the Right Material hard
        Must understand material suitability before testing advanced properties like conductivity and solubility
        
        Material Properties Vocabulary soft
        Comparing suitability of materials for uses requires property vocabulary to articulate why one material is better than another
        
        Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before evaluating suitability for purposes
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Solids, Liquids & Gases soft
        Understanding states of matter supports testing properties like solubility
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Comparing and grouping materials as solids, liquids, or gases requires the naming vocabulary for the three states
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Comparing and grouping solids, liquids, and gases by properties is greatly aided by the particle diagram representation
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must classify states of matter before understanding changes between states
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before classifying into three states of matter
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Changing Shapes of Solids soft
        Changing shapes of solids provides context for understanding solid properties
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must know material properties before investigating how shapes change
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
      - Evaporation & the Water Cycle soft
        Evaporation knowledge supports understanding recovery of dissolved substances
        
        Changes & Separation Vocabulary hard
        Identifying the role of evaporation and condensation requires knowing these process terms precisely
        
        The Water Cycle soft
        Water cycle connects to curriculum evaporation/condensation topic
        
        Cloud Types hard
        Water cycle requires understanding cloud formation (condensation)
        
        Rain & Puddles hard
        Cloud types build on knowing rain comes from clouds
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Rain concept benefits from knowing rain as a weather type
        
        Where water is found on Earth soft
        Water cycle benefits from knowing where water is found on Earth
        
        Shapes of land and water hard
        Must know land and water features before learning where water is found on Earth
        
        Seasonal changes soft
        Seasonal observation supports understanding land and water features
        
        Days, Weeks, Months & Years soft
        Observing and describing seasonal changes requires basic date and time vocabulary (months, seasons, year)
        
        Ordering Events in Time hard
        Understanding days/months/years builds on sequencing events chronologically
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes soft
        Understanding state changes supports knowing water as solid (ice) and liquid
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes soft
        Water cycle benefits from curriculum states of matter (heating/cooling changes state)
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Temperature & Thermometers soft
        Water cycle evaporation relates to temperature (heat drives evaporation)
        
        Rain & Puddles hard
        Full water cycle builds on basic rain/puddle/evaporation concept
        
        Types of Weather soft
        Rain concept benefits from knowing rain as a weather type
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must understand state changes before learning about evaporation/condensation in water cycle
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
    - Heating & Cooling Changes hard
      Must understand state changes before categorising them as reversible
      - States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
      - Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
  - Atoms, Elements & Compounds hard
    Chemical changes involve rearrangement of atoms into new substances — atom/compound concepts are required
    - The Particle Model hard
      Atoms and molecules are the particles referred to in the particle model — builds directly on it
      - Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Using the particle model to explain density, compressibility, and anomalous expansion requires fluent reading and drawing of particle diagrams
      - Matter Is Made of Particles hard
        KS3 particle model extends US KS2 introduction to matter as particles too small to see
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Developing a model of matter as particles too small to see is built on the particle diagram representation
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must observe state changes before explaining them with particle model
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Solids, Liquids & Gases hard
        Must understand observable states of matter before modelling them with particles
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Comparing and grouping materials as solids, liquids, or gases requires the naming vocabulary for the three states
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Comparing and grouping solids, liquids, and gases by properties is greatly aided by the particle diagram representation
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must classify states of matter before understanding changes between states
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before classifying into three states of matter
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Changing Shapes of Solids soft
        Changing shapes of solids provides context for understanding solid properties
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must know material properties before investigating how shapes change
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
      - Solids, Liquids & Gases hard
        KS3 particle model extends KS2 classification of solids, liquids and gases by observable properties
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Comparing and grouping materials as solids, liquids, or gases requires the naming vocabulary for the three states
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Comparing and grouping solids, liquids, and gases by properties is greatly aided by the particle diagram representation
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must classify states of matter before understanding changes between states
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before classifying into three states of matter
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Changing Shapes of Solids soft
        Changing shapes of solids provides context for understanding solid properties
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must know material properties before investigating how shapes change
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
- Metals vs Non-Metals soft
  Displacement reactions require understanding that metals differ in reactivity — metal properties provide the context
  - The Periodic Table hard
    Metal properties and reactivity predictions are read from the periodic table
    - Atoms, Elements & Compounds hard
      The periodic table organises elements by their atomic structure — atoms and elements must be understood first
      - The Particle Model hard
        Atoms and molecules are the particles referred to in the particle model — builds directly on it
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Using the particle model to explain density, compressibility, and anomalous expansion requires fluent reading and drawing of particle diagrams
        
        Matter Is Made of Particles hard
        KS3 particle model extends US KS2 introduction to matter as particles too small to see
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Developing a model of matter as particles too small to see is built on the particle diagram representation
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must observe state changes before explaining them with particle model
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Solids, Liquids & Gases hard
        Must understand observable states of matter before modelling them with particles
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Comparing and grouping materials as solids, liquids, or gases requires the naming vocabulary for the three states
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Comparing and grouping solids, liquids, and gases by properties is greatly aided by the particle diagram representation
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must classify states of matter before understanding changes between states
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before classifying into three states of matter
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Changing Shapes of Solids soft
        Changing shapes of solids provides context for understanding solid properties
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must know material properties before investigating how shapes change
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Solids, Liquids & Gases hard
        KS3 particle model extends KS2 classification of solids, liquids and gases by observable properties
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Comparing and grouping materials as solids, liquids, or gases requires the naming vocabulary for the three states
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Comparing and grouping solids, liquids, and gases by properties is greatly aided by the particle diagram representation
        
        Heating & Cooling Changes hard
        Must classify states of matter before understanding changes between states
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary hard
        Describing and measuring changes of state requires solid/liquid/gas vocabulary and the term 'change of state'
        
        Drawing Particle Diagrams hard
        Observing and describing change of state requires reading particle diagrams showing how arrangement changes on heating or cooling
        
        Grouping Materials hard
        Must group materials by properties before classifying into three states of matter
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must describe properties before using them to group materials
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials
        
        Changing Shapes of Solids soft
        Changing shapes of solids provides context for understanding solid properties
        
        Describing Material Properties hard
        Must know material properties before investigating how shapes change
        
        States of Matter Vocabulary soft
        Describing physical properties of materials uses solid/liquid/gas vocabulary introduced in the states of matter LANGUAGE node
        
        Naming Everyday Materials hard
        Must name materials before describing their properties
        
        Objects vs Materials hard
        Must distinguish objects from materials before naming specific materials

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